Steps to reproduce the issue

• Create a new Joomla! site
• Go to Global Configuration
• Set System Cache to ON - Conservative Caching
• Install a component through a package, e.g. Akeeba Backup Core.
• Immediately after the installation is complete click on the Components menu and click the menu item of the component, e.g. Component, Akeeba Backup

Expected result

The component I just installed opens.

Actual result

404 Component Not Found

The problem persists throughout the cache time. If I go to System, Clear Cache and clear the Administrator cache it works. Therefore the problem is definitely related to the global cache.

System information (as much as possible)

Irrelevant, but here you go:

• Joomla! 3.7.1 stable
• Linux (Kubuntu 17.04) with Apache/2.4.25 (Ubuntu) and PHP 7.0.18 with the following version info.

Copyright (c) 1997-2017 The PHP Group
Zend Engine v3.0.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2017 Zend Technologies
    with Zend OPcache v7.0.18-0ubuntu0.17.04.1, Copyright (c) 1999-2017, by Zend Technologies
    with Xdebug v2.5.0, Copyright (c) 2002-2016, by Derick Rethans

This information is irrelevant since another site without global caching worked perfectly. Also see comments above regarding deleting the cache making it work just fine...

Additional comments

Nearly three years ago in Joomla Bug Sprint 2014 in Manchester we had fixed a series of similar bugs with modules and plugins. I remember that because @brianteeman was counting down the last 5' while I was racing against his countdown to write the patch and send the PR ? Joomla would cache the results of queries to the extensions table. What I did back then is add a couple of lines of code to clear that cache when we were publishing / unpublishing modules and plugins. I bet you need to do the same thing when installing extensions.