Steps to reproduce the issue

php /path-to-root-directory/cli/joomla.php update:extensions:check

Expected result

Fetching Extension Updates

! [NOTE] There are available updates to apply

Actual result

RuntimeException {#1797
#message: "Could not parse the requested URI http://path-to-root-directory/cli/joomla.php"
#code: 0
#file: "/path-to-root-directory/libraries/vendor/joomla/uri/src/AbstractUri.php"
#line: 373
trace: {
/path-to-root-directory/libraries/vendor/joomla/uri/src/AbstractUri.php:373 { …}
/path-to-root-directory/libraries/src/Uri/Uri.php:286 {
Joomla\CMS\Uri\Uri->parse($uri)^
› {
› return parent::parse($uri);
› }
arguments: {
$uri: "http://path-to-root-directory/cli/joomla.php"
}
}

System information (as much as possible)

Redhat Linux 8
PHP 7.4.30
Mysql 8.0.26

Additional comments

If you try

cd /path-to-root-directory/cli/
php joomla.php update:extensions:check

then all is ok.

Works fine with the full path using Joomla 4.1